زبان طنز در میانه ادب و بی‌ادبی: تحلیل بین‌رشته‌ای راهبردهای کالپپر در طنز فارسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار زبان شناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)

2 کارشناسی ارشد زبانشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.

3 دانشجوی دکتری زبانشناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

10.22075/jlrs.2025.38685.2735

چکیده

مطالعه خشونت کلامی و بی‌ادبی کلامی، به‌ویژه در گفتمان طنزآمیز، بخش مهمی از تحقیقات زبان‌شناسی و تحلیل گفتمان را تشکیل می‌دهد. با وجود پیشرفت‌های نظری در حوزه بی‌ادبی، تحلیل نظام‌مند این پدیده در متون طنز فارسی، بر اساس چارچوب نظری کالپپر، توجه کمی را به خود جلب کرده است. پژوهش حاضر با بررسی راهبردهای بی‌ادبی در چهار اثر طنز برجسته فارسی از دوره‌های تاریخی مختلف - از جمله آثار عبید زاکانی (1301)، دهخدا، ایرج پزشکزاد (1958) و آیدین سیار سریع (2019) - قصد دارد این خلأ علمی را پر کند تا پرکاربردترین و کم‌کاربردترین راهبردهای بی‌ادبی در این آثار را شناسایی کند و از این طریق روند تکاملی ‌بکارگیری این راهبردها را در طنز فارسی از گذشته تا به امروز نشان دهد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که راهبردهای بی‌ادبی منفی و غیرمستقیم، به عنوان کنش‌های تهدیدکننده وجهه، بیشترین فراوانی را در آثار مورد بررسی دارند. کمترین موارد در حوزه کنش‌های تهدیدکننده هنجار اجتماعی قرار می‌گیرند. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که طنز فارسی، بویژه از دوران مشروطه به بعد، از اقدامات تهدیدکننده هنجارهای اجتماعی به سمت استراتژی‌های محافظه‌کارانه‌تر تکامل یافته است. تغییر در الگوی بی‌ادبی در طنز فارسی مستقیماً با تحولات سیاسی و اجتماعی در ایران مرتبط است، به طوری که در دوره‌های تشدید محدودیت‌های سیاسی، طنزپردازان از بی‌ادبی منفی و استراتژی‌های غیرمستقیم برای نقد قدرت استفاده کرده‌اند. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که طنز فارسی بازتاب سنت‌های جمع‌گرایانه، فشارهای ایدئولوژیک و مقاومت است. بی‌ادبی امکان نقد غیرمستقیم را فراهم می‌کند و «تمسخر محترمانه» را با زبان استعاری برای فرار از سانسور ترکیب می‌کند و نقش طنز را در مخالفت نمادین و گفتمان فرهنگی حفظ می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Language of Satire: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Politeness and Impoliteness through Culpeper’s Strategies in Persian Satire

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Razavian 1
  • Raheleh Aliabadi 2
  • Ala Roshani 3
1 Associate Professor, Linguistics Department, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (Corresponding Author)
2 Master of Linguistics Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
3 Ph.D. Candidate in Cognitive Linguistics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Studying verbal violence and linguistic impoliteness, particularly in satirical discourse, constitutes a significant area of linguistic and discourse analysis research. Despite theoretical advancements in the field of impoliteness, a systematic analysis of this phenomenon in Persian satirical texts, based on Culpeper's theoretical framework, has received insufficient attention. The present study aims to fill this academic gap by examining impoliteness strategies in four prominent Persian satirical works from different historical periods including those by Obeyd Zakani (1301), Dehkhoda (2016), Pezeshkzad (1958), and Aydin Sayar Saree (2019) to identify the most and least frequently used impoliteness strategies in these works and thereby illustrate the evolutionary trend of employing these strategies in Persian satire from the past to the present. Each of these works holds an established place in Iran's cultural memory and has been extensively referenced in academic, media, and public discourses. According to Culpeper's (1996, 2005, 2011) theoretical framework of impoliteness, impoliteness is conceptualized as an interactive, context-dependent, and relative phenomenon. It is analyzed based on three components: the speaker's intention, the hearer's perception, and the socio-cultural context, through the application of six strategies: bald-on-record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm or mock politeness, and withholding politeness. In this study, through an integrated methodology combining qualitative (discourse analysis) and quantitative (frequency analysis) approaches, the study identifies and categorizes impoliteness strategies including face-threatening acts and social norm-threatening acts across a corpus of satirical texts comprising over 663 pages. The data indicate that negative and indirect impoliteness strategies, as face-threatening acts, exhibited the highest frequency in the examined works. The least frequent instances fall within the domain of social norm-threatening acts. The predominance of negative impoliteness which targets the negative face of the audience, here referring to formal structures, power institutions, or established norms demonstrates that Persian satirical language has consistently served as a deliberate and purposeful instrument for social, political, and cultural critique across all periods. Iranian satirists have employed strategies such as disparagement, ridicule, and sarcasm to challenge power structures while avoiding direct confrontation with associated risks. This language has been utilized for exposure, protest, and subverting the symbolic order. In contrast, the strategy of "accidental or unintentional offense" demonstrates the lowest frequency, as Persian satire is fundamentally based on intentionality and awareness. The Iranian satirist engages in impoliteness deliberately to challenge power structures, rather than committing verbal violence through linguistic error or inadvertence.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Culpepper
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Impoliteness Strategies
  • Persian Satire

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مطالعات زبانی و بلاغی
دوره 17، شماره 43
فروردین 1405
صفحه 1-46

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