From Symbolism to Metaphysics: Birds in Ibn Arabi’s Thought

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Postdoctoral Researcher in Islamic Mysticism and Sufism, Semnan University; Lecturer, Department of Religions and Mysticism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

2 Professor of Islamic Mysticism and Sufism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran (Corresponding Author)

Abstract

The symbols employed by Ibn Arabi serve as valuable repositories of truths and knowledge, which he utilizes in both complex and hidden forms, as well as in clear and comprehensible ways. This study explores the symbolism of birds in Ibn Arabi's thought and its connection to his mystical metaphysics. The imagery of birds and flight has long symbolized the ascent of the human spirit to a transcendent reality. Ibn Arabi considers the tree as a symbol of perfect human (insan-e-kamel) with its branches and leaves representing birds such as dove, eagle, anqa (mythical bird in arabic mythology), and raven. Accordingly, dove symbolizes the Sacred Book, Quran (loh-e-mahfūz/kitab-e-mobin); eagle represents the original and supreme pen (ghalame-aval/ghalam-e-owlā); anqa is recognized as a symbol of dust (habā) and hyle; and raven is identified as a symbol of the Universal Body. These symbols reflect the manifestations of human spirit and the quest for absolute truth. In Ibn Arabi's metaphysics, they acquire a deeper meaning as various manifestations of existence. Ultimately, this symbolism points to a cosmic union that signifies the interconnectedness of different elements of the universe and the profound bond among beings. This research, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, reveals that the symbols of birds in Ibn Arabi's works not only express profound mystical concepts but also assist us in achieving a better understanding of the truth of existence and the spiritual relationships within the cosmos, leading to a deeper comprehension of Ibn Arabi's metaphysics.

Keywords

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Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies
Volume 16, Issue 41
In Progress
September 2025
Pages 29-60

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