Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
10.22075/jlrs.2023.32184.2365
Abstract
Forūgh Farrokhzād is one of the few controversial poets in Persian literature whose depth of thought has not been thoroughly explored because of being a woman and presenting a critical and rebellious new face of a woman with "inky fingers". However, though the nature of this protest is social, it comes from a deeper origin, which is a philosophical one. Anxiety is the main treasure of her poetry, a component that none of Forūgh Farrokhzād's poems; whether the rebellious-emotional poems of the first phase or the critical-philosophical poems of the second phase are not devoid of. To use Kierkegaard’s idea, this feature is inherent in her poetry. Therefore, imagery and melodramatic narrative are reflected with a special aesthetic suitable for this motif, i.e. gothic aesthetics. This article, using an analytical descriptive method, examines how gothic aesthetics converges with existential anxiety and its manifestations, loneliness, doubt and suspense in the two metaphors of wind and night in her poetry and concludes that Farrokhzād lived the philosophy of existentialism in her poetry.
Arian, H., & Talkhabi, M. (2019). Analysis of the concept of death in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry based on cognitive metaphor theory. Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 11(22), 7–36. Semnan University.
Ahmadi, B. (2006). Sartre who wrote(2nd ed.). Tehran: Markaz Press.
Ahmadi, B. (1998). Creation and freedom(4th ed.). Tehran: Markaz Press.
Aman Khani, I. (2012). Existentialism and contemporary literature of Iran. Tehran: Elmi Press.
Bashiri, M., Esparham, D., Talebian, Y., & Davoudipanah, N. (2022). Existentialist approach to the concept of loneliness in black romantic poetry. Philosophical Research Journal, 39, 365–382. Tabriz University.
Bakewell, S. (2018). At the existentialist cafe(3rd ed., Trans. Dehghan Houshmand). Tehran: Payam Emrouz Press.
Beauvoir, S. de. (2009). The Second Sex(C. Borde & S. Malovany-Chevallier, Trans.). London: Cap.
Jafari, M. (1999). The Process of romanticism in Europe. Tehran: Markaz Press.
Khalesi Moghadam, N. (2013). The city and the experience of Persian modernity. Tehran: Tisa Press.
Dranty, J.-P. (2013). Existentialist aesthetics(H. N. Far, Trans.). Tehran: Qoghnous.
Rouzbeh, M. R., & Daniyari, K. (2016). Poetic existentialism and how to realize it with expressive devices. Kavosh-Nameh Quarterly, 34, 125–95. Yazd University.
Reid, H. (1992). The meaning of art(N. Daryabandari, Trans.). Tehran: Pocket Books Company and Amirkabir Press.
Sartre, J. P. (2006). What is literature?(A. Najafi, Trans.). Tehran: Aghah Press.
Seyer, R., & Lowy, M. (2013). Romanticism and social thought. In Y. Abazari (Trans.), Romanticism in the Organon collection. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press.
Safavi, K. (2010). Speeches in Linguistics. Tehran: Hermes Press.
Farrokhzad, F. (1998). A collection of Forough's poems. West Germany: Navid Press.
Fayazi, M. S., & Ahmadpour Lakhtegi, A. (2022). Examination of Movement Schemes in Forough Farrokhzad's Poems. Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 13(29), 191–218. Semnan University.
Qavimi, M. (2010). Structural-linguistic analysis of the poem "The wind will take us with it". Retrieved from http://parah.blogsky.com
Kaplan, H. (1999). Summary of Psychiatry(N. Afkari, Trans.). Tehran: Shahrab Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (2022). The concept of anxiety(S. Najafi, Trans.). Tehran: Markaz Press.
Macquarie, J. (1998). Existential philosophy(M. S. Hanai Kashani, Trans.). Tehran: Hermes Press.
Nikbakht, M. (2016). From disappearance to liberation. Tehran: Goman Press.
Warnock, M. (2016). Existentialism and ethics(M. Olia, Trans.). Tehran: Qoghnoos Press.
Vaez Shahristani, M. R. (2017). I am nothing but the echo of a song. Tehran: Neghah-e Moaser.
Wellek, R. (1998). A History of Modern Criticism(S. Arbab Shirani, Trans., Vol. 1, 2nd ed.). Tehran: Nilufar Press.
Haben, W. (1969). Messengers of our time(A. Dastgheyb, Trans.). Tehran: Sepehr Press.
Yalom, I. D. (2014). Existential Psychotherapy(S. Habib, Trans.). Tehran: Ney Press.
Mills, S. (1995). Feminist stylistics. London: Routledge.
Mores, E. (1985). Literary Women: The Great Writers. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rezvanian, G. (2024). Existential Anxiety in connection with Gothic Aesthetics in Forūgh Farrokhzād's Poetry. The Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 15(37), 87-116. doi: 10.22075/jlrs.2023.32184.2365
MLA
Ghodsieh Rezvanian. "Existential Anxiety in connection with Gothic Aesthetics in Forūgh Farrokhzād's Poetry", The Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 15, 37, 2024, 87-116. doi: 10.22075/jlrs.2023.32184.2365
HARVARD
Rezvanian, G. (2024). 'Existential Anxiety in connection with Gothic Aesthetics in Forūgh Farrokhzād's Poetry', The Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 15(37), pp. 87-116. doi: 10.22075/jlrs.2023.32184.2365
VANCOUVER
Rezvanian, G. Existential Anxiety in connection with Gothic Aesthetics in Forūgh Farrokhzād's Poetry. The Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies, 2024; 15(37): 87-116. doi: 10.22075/jlrs.2023.32184.2365