Ekphrasis, Description and Realism in Ahmad Mahmoud’s The Pilgrim under the Rain

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of English Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Persian Language and Literature, Campus of Humanities, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

3 PhD Student in Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

The element of description is always considered one of the basic foundations of fiction literature with any writing style, but its appearance in realist works is more distinctive; Because there is enough space to present a verbal description, i.e. ekphrasis, in order to better visualize the audience. In recent decades, several theories of the functions of description have been proposed in various works of Western theorists, and there have been talks about the importance of this element; On this basis, the realist work Zari Zir Baran by Ahmad Mahmoud was researched. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of the prominent and distinguished writers of the contemporary era, whose environment and geography have   influenced his language and writing style, and this impression is undoubtedly due to the power of the descriptive element in hisstories. Zairi Zir Baran story collection includes twelve short stories. These stories, while simple in expression and content, depict the author's descriptive style in expressing his dominant themes and concerns. By pondering in this collection of stories, we correctly understand that description is one of the main essences of this work; And the way events happen, the state of characters and situations with the author's descriptive pen creates an artistic world. These descriptions give the story a drama and are realistic. In this research, we understand that the author's purpose of description is to show the pain and suffering and failure of the people of the south, and directly and indirectly, she instills the poverty and tyranny of the world in her story to the reader. This research has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and a library method, and while briefly stating the concepts of ekphrasis and description (the history and functions of description), it tries to examine the descriptions in the mentioned realist work by mentioning sufficient evidence. Criticize the author's purpose of bringing such descriptions.

Keywords

References

- Aghaei, A, (2004), Bidardalan in the mirror (introduction and criticism of Ahmad Mahmoud's works), Tehran: Beh-Nagar.
-Scholes, R, (2000), An introduction to structuralism in literature, translated by Farzaneh Taheri, Tehran: Aghah.
-Alaee, M. Shokrian, M, (2015), "The function of description in some contemporary Persian short stories". Scientific-Research Quarterly of Persian Language and Literature, No. 42, 87-118.
Afzali, P, (2015), Ekphrasis, translated by Modab Mir Alaei and Siavash Azimi, Ch. 1, Tehran: Cheshm.
-Amraei, A, Jalilian, S. H, (2015), "Illustration, description and characterization in the novel Neighbors by Ahmad Mahmoud", Iranshahr Contemporary Persian Literature Conference: Velayat University.
- Bahrawi, H, (1990), Banih al-Shakal al-Rawa'i, Beirut: Al-Maqruz al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.
-Basirzadeh, E, Tashri, M. Qoumi, M. (2012), "Review of description and its prominent functions in the novel", Adab-Pazhuhi, No. 19, 77-103.
-Parvanehpour, M, Binay Motlaq, S. (2017), "Distinguishing the Philosophical Rhetorical Meaning of the Two Terms Anergia and Energy and Its Importance for Understanding Ekphrasis in Word-Image Studies", Two Philosophical Quarterly Journals of Cognition, No. 79/1, 23-44.
- Pirouz, Gh, (2009), "The most important stylistic aspects of Ahmad Mahmoud's stories", Bahar Adab, No. 10, 167-184.
- Khashnoudi Cherodeh, B, Rabbani Khanqah, M. (2012), "Characterization in Marzban Nameh Tales", Researches of Literary Criticism and Stylistics, No. 2 (series 14), 157-180.
- Dadkhah Tehrani, M, (2004), Analysis of Narrative Language in Beyhaqi History, Supervisor: Jamal-uddin Mortazavi, Yazd: Yazd University.
- Dorri, Z, (2012), "The role and function of descriptive elements in the poems of Weiss and Ramin", Ancient History of Persian Literature, 4(4), 19-44.
-Rafael, M, (1978), A Look at the History of World Literature (History of Realism), g1, translated by Mohammad Taghi Faramarzi, Tehran: Shabahang Publishing.
- Rezaiti Kisheh Khale, M, Safai Sangri, A. Seyedanjad Jolodar, S.H. (2018), "Effects of non-normative Iranian realism in the poetry of the second Pahlavi period", Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies,10(19), 187-212.
- Rezaei, A, (2012), Descriptive Vocabulary of Literature, Tehran: Farhang Moaser.
-Rizvanian, Q, Ahmadi Shikhler, A. (2016), "Description in the story of Rostam and Sohrab", Persian Language and Literature Research, No. 44, 1-32.
-Sadat Al-Hosseini, R, Mirzaei, F. (2013), "Functions of description in the novel during the desertion of al-Jasr", Arabic Language and Literature, No. 11, 1-26.
- Sharifi, M, (2007), Persian Literature Dictionary, edited by Mohammad Reza Jafari: Moin Publishing and New Publishing.
-Abdel Ali, D, (2013), from the gate of criticism, first office of Tehran: Khane Kitab Institute.
-Abdollahian, H, (2000), contemporary prose work, Tehran: Paya publishing.
- Ulamai, N, (2010), "The Qur'an from another point of view; Investigating non-verbal communication in the Qur'an and the teachings of psychology", Binnat, No. 71, 170-190.
- Ghiashi, M, (1989), an introduction to structural stylistics, V. 1, Tehran: Sholah-Andish.
 -Fadaei Vashki, Z, Nazari, M. (2022), "The use of linguistic images (lexical-syntactic) in the scroll of Sheikh Sharzin", Journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies,13(27) , 211-238.
- Golestan, L, (1995), Hakait Hal (conversation with Ahmad Mahmoud), Tehran: Mehnaz Kitab.
- Luria, A, (1989), Language of Knowledge, translated by Habibullah Qasimzadeh, Ch. 1, Urmia: Anzali.
-Mohammadi Badr, N, Arshadi, S. (2012), "Comparative study of the element of space in Nizami Nizami Ganjavi's and Shirazi's Nazami and Shirazi's poems", Literary and Rhetorical Research,1(3) , 11-26.
- Mahmoud, A, (2006), Zairi Zir Baran, Ch. 7, Tehran: Moin Publications.
- Mirsadeghi, J, (2003), Iran's famous contemporary storytellers, Tehran: Eshare.
- Younisi, E, (2004), The Art of Storytelling, Ch. 8, Tehran: Negah.
Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies
Volume 14, Issue 31
May 2023
Pages 31-64

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics