Reflection of Verbal Violence in Farrokhi Yazdi's Poems: An Analysis Based on Malkin’s Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Persian Department,, Semnan,, Iran

2 Semnan University

3 Persian Department, Semnan, Iran

4 Persian Department, Semnan,, Iran

Abstract

In the period of Persian literature, the poetry of the constitutional period is more than ever mixed with political themes, and political themes can be a proper basis for any kind of violence, including verbal violence. Farrokhi Yazdi is one of the prominent poets of this period who is a good example for studying verbal violence. Malkin (2004) is one of the scholars who have addressed the issue of violence in language. He introduces six patterns to illustrate how violence in language occurs, in which language provides a framework for the speaker to apply violence according to these patterns. In this article, we discuss how violence is manifested in 10 poems by Farrokhi Yazdi according to the discourse approach of Malkin (2004). Our criterion for choosing these poems was that Farrokhi used violent words and a violent tone more than any other in his poems. According to the results of this study, Farrokhi Yazdi has used the second pattern more than any other pattern of violence. According to this pattern, language can be a tyrannical weapon of domination and destruction. Frequent use of violent words by Farrokhi has made the second pattern more frequent than other templates. Farrokhi has used pattern number 5 less than the rest of the patterns. According to the fifth pattern, language can embrace and control power. This pattern, which examines the reflection of ideology in language, has been used less frequently in selected poems.

Keywords

References

Ābdollāhi nežad, Alirezā & majlesi, Nūšin (2009/ 1397SH). «Verbal violence in cyberspace». (Xošūnat -e kalāmi dar fazaye majāzi). Quarterly Journal of New Media Studies». Faslnāme motāleāt-e resānehāye nowin. Vol. 4. Issue 13. Pp 1-62.
Abrāhāmian, Ervand. (2014/1392SH). «Iran between two revoloution» (Iran beyne du enqelāb : az masroute tā enqelāb-e eslāmi). Tr. By kāzem firouzmand, Et all. Markaz.
Aboulhasani Čimeh, Zahrā & Mahmoudi Baxtiary,Behrooz (2018/1396SH). (sokūt: abzāri kalāmi jensiati dar tahmil-e xošūnat), (National Conference on Verbal Politeness and Society) (majmoeh maqālāt-e noxostin hamāyesh-e melli-e kalāmi va ejtemā’). Neviseh Pārsi.
Adibi Sadeh, Mehdi (2013/ 1391SH). «Sociology of war and military forces». (jamehšenāsi-e jang va nirohāye nezāmi), 11th ed. Samt.
Ājodani, Mašāallah. (2015/1393SH). «Or Dath or Dodernity» (yā marg yā tajaddod: daftari dar še’r va adab-e mašrūte), 5th ed. Axtarān.
Asil, Hojatollāh. (2002/1390SH). «Political and social concepts in constitutional poetry» (mafāhim-e siasi va ejtemā’i dar še’r-e mašrūte). Tehrān. Kavir.
Bouthoul, Gaston. (1980/1368SH). Sociology of War. (Jāmešenasi-e jang). Tr. By Hūšang Farxojasteh, Tehrān. Sazmān-e entešārāt va āmozeš-e enqelāb-e eslāmy.
Brown, P. & S. Levinson (1987). Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J. (1996). “Towards an anatomy of impoliteness”. Journal of Pragmatics 25.
Pp 349-67.
Culpeper, J. (2005). “Impoliteness and entertainment in the television quiz show: The
weakest link”. Journal of Politeness Research: Language. Behavior, Culture 1. Pp 35-72.
Dehxodā, Aliakbar. (1989/1377SH). «Dehkhoda Dictionary». (Loqatnāme Dehxodā). Advisor Mohammad Mo’in va Seyyed jafar šahidi. Vol.7. 2nd ed. Tehrān. rowzāneh.
Farroxi Yazdi, Mohammad. (1991/ 1379SH). Divan-e Farroxi Yazdi. With the Effort of Hoseyn Makky. Tehrān. AmirKabir.
Frappat, Helene. (2007/ 1390 SH). «La violence» .( Xošūnat dar andiš-e falsafi). Tr. By Ābbās Bāqery. Tehrān. Farzān roz.
Pāyvar, Jafar. (1991/ 1379SH). «Violence in ancient literature». (Xošūnat dar adab-e kohan, pažohešnāmeh adabiat-e kodak va nojavān). Issue 22. Pp 3-11.
Popper, Karl Raimund. (2000/ 1388SH). «Nowhere and violence». (Nakojāābad va xošonat). Tr. By Xosro Nāqed  va Rahmān Afšāri. Tehrān. Jahān-e ketāb.
Sepānlou, Mohammad-Ali (1992/1380SH). «Four Freedom Poets». Čāhār šā’er-e āzādi. Tehrān. Negāh.
Šahbāzi Moqaddam, Nāhid & Vazifehšenās, sārā. (2007/ 1395SH). «The basic structure of violence in language and its impact on violence and rape against women». (Sāxtār-e bonyādi-e xošūnat dar zabān va tasir-e ān bar xošūnat va tajavoz alayh-e zanān). Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. Pažohesgāh-e ūlūm-e ensāni va motāleāt-e farhangi. Vol. 7. Issue 1. Spring and Winter. Pp 45-67.
Malkin, J. R. (2004). Verbal Violence in Contemporary Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Mohammadi, Ali. (1996. 1384SH). A study of aspects of violence in Hafez's poetry. (Barresi-e janbehāiy az xošūnat dar šer-e hāfez). Salnāmeh hāfezpažohy. Issue 8. Pp 230-243.
Wolf Gong, Marvin (1969/ 1357SH). Freedom and violence. (Azadi va xošūnat). Tr. By AliAkbar Seyf. Majjaleh Negin. Vol. 160. Pp17-19.
Yaqoti, Mansour. (1992/1380SH). The demon is a symbol of violence in ancient literature. (div mazhar-e xošūnat dar adab-e kohan). Journal of Children and Adolescent Literature. Pažohešnāmeh adabiāt-e Kodak va nojavān. Vol. 27. Pp34-37.
 
The Journal Of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies
Volume 12, Issue 25
October 2021
Pages 247-272

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics