Evaluation of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Phd in Persian Language and Literature

Abstract

According to cognitivists Lakoff and Johnson unlike the traditional views, metaphor is not limited to words and language .Metaphor, in this view, is conceptual matter that created at the level of ideas and the human mind. So, metaphor, unlike traditional definitions, is not specified for poetry and literature and literary imagination, but covers our conceptual system from the most abstract to the most tangible ones and plays the main role in defining the realities of life. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive evaluation of conceptual theory of metaphor. The most serious criticisms of this theory come from the two domains, mainly criticizing the type of data and the methodology of this theory, and secondarily criticizing the results of the data in it.

Keywords


-­ ارسطو (1371)، رتوریک (فن خطابه)، ترجمه پرخیده ملکی، تهران: اقبال.
- افراشی، آزیتا، (1394)، استعاره‌هایمفهومیدرزبانفارسی؛ تحلیلیشناختیوپیکره‌مدار زبان‌شناخت، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، سال ششم، شمارة دوم، پاییز و زمستان، صص39- 61.
- داوری اردکانی، رضا و دیگران، (1391)، زبان استعاری و استعاره‌های مفهومی، تهران: هرمس.
- ساسانی، فرهاد، (1390)، استعاره، مبنای تفکر و ابزار زیبایی‌آفرینی، مجموعه مقالات امبرتو اکو و دیگران،  به‌کوشش فرهاد ساسانی، تهران: سوره مهر.
- شمیسا، سیروس (1384)، بیان، تهران: میترا.
- صدری، نیره (1384)، بررسی استعاره در زبان فارسی از دیدگاه زبان‌شناسی شناختی، تهران: دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
- کریمی، طاهره و ذوالفقار علامی (1392)، استعاره‌­های مفهومی در دیوان شمس بر مبنای کنش حسی خوردن، مجله نقد ادبی، دوره 6، شماره 24، زمستان، صص 143-168.
- کریمی، طاهره و علامی ذوالفقار (1395)، «تحلیل شناختی استعاره مفهومی ‌«جمال» در مثنوی و دیوان شمس»، مجله زبان و ادبیات فارسی، جلد ۲۴، شماره ۸۰ ، صص 137- ۱۵۹.
 - هاشمی، زهره (1389)، نظریۀ استعارۀ مفهومی از دیدگاه لیکاف و جانسون، ادب پژوهی، دوره  4، شماره  12، تابستان، صص 119-139.
- هوشنگی حسین و محمود سیفی پرگو (1388)، استعاره‌های مفهومی در قرآن از منظر زبان‌شناسی شناختی، پژوهشنامه علوم و معارف قرآن کریم، سال اول، شماره 3.
-Aristotle, (1954) Rhetoric, Trans. by Rhys Roberts, New York: The Modern.
Aristotle, (1932) Poetics, Trans. by W. Hamilton Fyfe, Cambridge.
-Bortfeld, H. & McGlone, M.S, (2001), The continuum of metaphor processing, Metaphor and Symbol, 16.1&2, 75-86.
-Derrida, J. (1982) White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy. In J. Derrida: Margins of Philosophy, Trans. by Alan Bass. Chicago.
-Descartes, R. (1641) Meditations on First Philosophy, in The Philosophical Writings of René Descartes, trans. by J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, Cambridge.
-Doctorow.E.L, (1977) false document, New York, American Review, No 29.
-Evans, V. & Green, M. (2006) Cognitive Linguistics, An Introduction. Edinburgh: University Press.
-Gibbs, R.W. Jr. (2011) Evaluating conceptual metaphor theory, Discourse Processes 48.8, 529-562.
-Gibbs, R.W., Jr. (1994) The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Gibbs, R.W., Jr. (1999a) Researching metaphor. In: Cameron, L. & Low, G. (eds.): Researching and Applying Metaphor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29-47.
-Gibs, lens, R.W. Costa Lima, (2004) Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience, Journal of pragmatics.
-Goatly, A. (2007) Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
-Kertész, A., Rákosi, Cs. & Csatár, P. (2012) Data, problems, heuristics and results in cognitive metaphor research, Language Sciences, 34.6, 715-727.
-Keysar, B., Shen, Y., Glucksberg, S. & Horton, W.S. (2000) Conventional language: how metaphorical is it?, Journal of Memory and Language, 43.4, 576-593.
-Kövecses, Z. (2011a) Methodological issues in conceptual metaphor theory, In: Handl, S. & Schmid, H.-J. (eds.): Windows to the Mind: Metaphor, Metonymy and Conceptual Blending. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 23-39.
-Kövecses, Z. (2011b) Recent developments in metaphor theory: Are the new views rival ones? Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9.1, 11-25.
-Kövecses, Zoltan, (2010) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, NewYork: Oxford University press.
-Lakoff, George, (2002) Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 143–176. ISBN 0-226-46771-6.
-Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, (1999) Philosophy in the flesh: Embodied mind and its challenges to western thought, The Basic books.
-Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark (2003) Metaphors we live by, The University of Chicago Press.
-Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, (1980) Conceptual metaphor in Everyday Language, The Journal of Philosophy, Volume 77, Issu 8. New York.
-Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, (1985) The Metaphorical structure of the Human Conceptual System, Cognitive science.
-Lakoff, George and Mark Turner, (1989) More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Lakoff, George, (1993) the contemporary theory of metaphor, New York: Cambridge university press.
-Lee. David, (2001) Cognitive Linguistics, New York: Oxford University Press.
-Leezenberg, M. (2001) Contexts of metaphor. ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd.
-McNerney, Samuel, (2011) A Brief Guide to Embodied Cognition: Why You Are Not Your Brain, By McNerney, Samuel | November 4.
-Moran, R. (1997) Metaphor. In B. Hale & C. Wright (eds.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Language. Blackwell, 48-268.
-Pawelec, A. (2006) The death of metaphor, Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, 123.
-Rosch, E. (1978) Principles of Categorization, In: Cognition and Categorization (E. Rosch &B.B. Lloyd (eds.), pp. 27-48. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
-Thibodeau, P.H. & Boroditsky, L. (2011) Metaphors we think with: the role of metaphor in reasoning, University of Chicago Press.
-Winter. Gibson, (1981) Liberating creation: foundations of religious social ethics, crossroad, New York.